Essay on Pros and Cons of Animal Testing - 2125 Words

Pro Animal Testing Animal testing has become a wide contribution in medical field in order to find new treatment, developing new medicines and improving the existing ones as well as testing the safety and effectiveness of new medicines. Some medicines development is depending on animal research, for instances, vaccines and insulin for diabetes and kidney transplants. However, there are many diseases that their cures are still undiscovered yet and one of them is AIDS (Tanir, 2012). Frankie L. Trull once said in his article of Animal Test Research Has Saved Many Human Lives, â€Å"[†¦] fight against cancer has seen 24 significant biomedical advances in the past 30 years. None of them could have occurred without animal research.† Therefore, this†¦show more content†¦This is because human body system is incredibly complex. Toxicity – Predicting the Potential Harmful Effects Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body sy stem, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives. Benefits the Animals for Treatment Diseases Animal testing is not only beneficial to human but also animals, at least to those who are not used in the experiments, such as pets and endangered species. Along with researching for new treatments and medicines forShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing937 Words   |  4 PagesAbout Animal Testing? Kaylee Smith 9-6-2017 AGR 199 Introduction and Background Not very many people think about the fact that a majority of the products they buy have been tested on animals, let alone animal testing in general. Animal testing has been going on for many years, with the use of dogs, cats, mice, rabbits, mini pigs, and farm animals. When someone brings up animal testing there usually is an argument about the pros and cons. Many people are against it because the animals are beingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing2973 Words   |  12 Pagescabinet has been tested on an animal at one point or another. A government funded corporation called the Food and Drug Administration, abbreviated as the FDA, is in charge of making sure that all drugs, cosmetics, biological products, and more are efficient, secure, and safe for human usage. The FDA will not allow any drug to be released or sold to the human population if it has not first been tested on animals. In fact, when a drug is first created it is tested on animals before humans are even all owedRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such asRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1074 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Testing is a enormous upset in the word today. Animal activist have been trying to put an end to it for years , but to no avail. Animal testing is when scientist will use animals to do experiments on . They will either hook heavy machinery to these poor defenseless animals or inject them with harsh chemicals just to see if its okay for human use. Over 26 millions of animals are used every year in just the united states alone for these cruel acts by the hand of man. Testing on animals haveRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing1288 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Each animal bred or used for research, whether a mouse, fish, or monkey, is an individual capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress† (â€Å"Animal† 2013). The advancements in technology today had sparked a debate worldwide on whether it is right or wrong to use animals for experimentation in laboratories. With newl y advanced scientific technology, experts are able to utilize advanced technology to simulate functions of the human body on a much smaller scale, including microchips of humanRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing2487 Words   |  10 PagesMillions of animals suffer painfully and even die as an outcome of scientific research. The effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products slowly kill innocent animals every year. Although some people believe animal testing is necessary, others firmly believe that the alternatives choices that have been discovered over the years are the way to go. Especially because these choices are cheaper, more reliable and do not harm animals. This essay looks into the pros and cons of animalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity -driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing826 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing, although extremely debated, is something that should no longer be practiced anywhere around the world. Let’s start by taking a look at just how much animal testing is practiced in the United States as well as in other countries. The article called, â€Å"Animal Use Statistics† from the Humane Society International, says, â€Å"Only a small proportion of countries collect and publish data concerning their use of animals for testing and research, but it is estimated that more than 115 millionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pag esthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing905 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that P olio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that could

Essay on Fairy Tale Love - 928 Words

Fairy Tale Love Once upon a time there was a beautiful young woman. She had bleached blonde hair, sparkling ocean blue eyes, and a super model figure. After struggling with life’s challenges for a few years a strong, dark, handsome stock broker came along and rescued her. It was love at first sight. They got married, had one boy and one girl (in that order), and then lived happily ever after. At one point in time I believed this modern day dream was a realistic outlook on love. My opinion of this fairy tale story has been changed throughout the lessons of this course. I set my expectations as a child as to what love should be. Through movies, TV, magazines, and music these ideas were implanted in my mind. This course and personal†¦show more content†¦Prejudice out of love is very dangerous. Elizabeth could have lost the love of her life because of it. In everyday life, this prejudice from love causes controversy. In the future, I will not be so blinded by this. Due to the popular culture presentations, I now concentrate on the real message of songs. I can look past the romantic theme, and listen to what the songs are truly revealing. I find myself not being as emotionally swayed by the lyrics. I laugh at the majority of songs I used to think had a deep profound meaning behind them that stirred such strong emotions inside of me. Due to the movies that we have viewed in class, I believe romance is a Hollywood created concept. I had never realized how unrealistic the views of love being portrayed really are. Starting from a small child with Disney movies, all the way to modern day films such as Jerry McGuire, give the idea that fairy tale love exists and can happen in everyday live. This only leads one to set their expectations too high, and then is let down in the end. Although the situations in the novels and popular culture presentations differed, the theme to me personally was the same. Love makes people blind and it hurts. Nel learned this lesson in Sula. She had no control over the fate of her marriage. Nel had lost contact with the reality of life outside of her marriage. Once the marriage was over, she had nothing left, just as Charity was after the endingShow MoreRelatedTrue Love Is Not A Fairy Tale Ending882 Words   |  4 PagesIs it true? Thesis statement: True love to me is when you can’t imagine life without the other person. To be in true love is when someone would go beyond lengths to keep the other person happy. True love is not a fairy tale ending. Nothing is perfect unless you work to make it that way. True love takes a lot of hard work. People every day have arguments, but it’s up to the couple to handle it effectively. Every day couples are faced with the real work to a relationship: patience, trust, and sacrificeRead MoreThe Fairy Tale Frozen Is A Movie About Love1519 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fairy tale Frozen is a movie regarding love, believing, the loss of love, as well as, the loss of love ones and power. The character’s Elsa and Anna are two sisters of a royalty that were left alone after the death of their parents by a vigorous storm. Elsa and Anna were playmates that shared a bond of love that seemed inseparable. Elsa, the older sister was gifted with the ability of magical powers to shoot ice from her fingertips but was unable to control the outcome of herRead MoreEssay on The Fairy-tale of If on a winters night a traveler1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fairy-tale of If on a winters night a traveler  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the past, fairy-tales have been a major form of writing for the great minds of the imaginative authors of the world. In search of cultural roots, much of Europe focused on its folktale and fairy-tales. However, Early Modern and Contemporary Italy took its tales and changed, manipulated, and combined them, having dissimilar concerns as the other societies of Europe. Influenced by his nations overall approach to its heritage, ItaloRead MoreEssay on Fairy Tales: Changing with the Culture and Community1693 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary genre commonly know as fairy tales. They were mystical and wonderful and a child’s fantasy. These fairy tales were drastically misunderstood throughout many centuries, however. They endured a hard life of constant changing and editing to fit what the people of that time wanted. People of our own time are responsible for some of the radical changes endured by this undeserved genre. Now, these fairy tales had a young friend named Bell e. Belle thought she knew fairy tales very well, but one day sheRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sleeping Beauty 1112 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to dictionary.com, a folktale is said to be, â€Å"a tale or legend originating and traditional among a people or folk, especially one forming part of the oral tradition of the common people†. What many people don’t realize is our beloved fairy tales, such as â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† have been derived from folktale. â€Å"Sleeping Beauty’s† folktale is exceptionally different from the modern day version that Disney has provided us with. Disney’s â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† and one of the original French versionsRead MoreThe Authors of the Literary Fairy Tale Essay732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Authors of the Literary Fairy Tale When asked to name authors of fairy tales, most people now (if they knew at all) would answer the Grimm Brothers or Charles Perrault, and perhaps Hans Christian Andersen. Yet throughout history, fairy tales have been womens storiesRead MoreEssay on The Storm And The Rocking Horse Winner528 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneral rule, children love fairy tales. We grow up being read Grimms or watching Disney remakes of classics. Parents love telling children fairy tales not only because they have an opportunity to spend time with their sons and daughters, but also because fairy tales, like fables, always contain a lesson or moral within them. Although both Kate Chopins quot;The Storm,quot; and D.H. Lawrences quot;The Rocking Horse Winnerquot; have some of the qualities of a childs fairy tale, only one of the storiesRead MoreWorth of Fairy Tales in Jeanette Wintersons quot;the Passionquot;1625 Words   |  7 PagesWhen saying that there are certain folk or fairy tales about herself, Jeanette Winterson could not be more right, because there are indeed several myths surrounding her person. For many people Wintersons sexuality is the golden key to her public p ersona. Although she correctly states that `[she is] a writer who happens to like women, [and] not a lesbian who happens to write most critics are only too willing to interpret her writing in an autobiographical way and restrict her to the literary personaRead MoreFairy Tales And A Dose Of Reality By Catherine Orenstein1148 Words   |  5 Pageshappily-ever-after that is sought after so often? In the article Fairy Tales and a Dose of Reality by Catherine Orenstein she utilizes historical references and allusions to modern media and challenges the perception of fairy tales and expose them as media-manipulated, romanticized stories. Orenstein uses the Disney princess persona and describes it as a major turning point in the perception of fairy tales. The original fairy tales described as grim and macabre, transformed as time passes and startedRead MoreStory : From Fairy Tale And Fantasy Ever Told942 Words   |  4 PagesRapunzel to Tangled The Cauldron of Story is, in simplistic terms, a metaphor used to symbolise the interconnection of all story. The concept is that every myth, fairy-tale and fantasy ever told is both contained in and drawn from the Cauldron. Therefore, all story created is a combination of the framework and themes of previously told tales, which have then been flavoured and adapted by the new teller. The tellers borrow the parts they want, then they sculpt and shape them to fit their own vision.

Criminal Law Essay Example For Students

Criminal Law Essay Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishespunishments, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of peopleaccused of committing crimes. Criminal law includes both substantive law,and criminal procedure, which regulates the implementation and enforcementof substantive criminal law. Substantive criminal law defines crime andpunishment, and criminal procedure is concerned with the legal rulesfollowed and the steps taken to investigate, apprehend, charge, prosecute,convict, and sentence to punishment individuals who violate substantivecriminal law. For example, criminal procedure describes how a murder trialmust be conducted. The purpose of Criminal Law is to protect the publicfrom harm by inflicting punishment upon those who have already done harmand by threatening with punishment those who are tempted to do harm. Theharm that criminal law aims to prevent varies. It may be physical harm,death, or bodily injury to human beings; the loss of or damage to property;se xualimmorality; danger to the government; disturbance of the publicpeace and order; or injury to the public health. Conduct that threatens tocause, but has not yet caused, a harmful result may be enough to constitutea crime. Thus, criminal law often strives to avoid harm by forbiddingconduct that may lead to harmful result. One purpose ofboth civil law and criminal law in the common law system is torespond to harmful acts committed by individuals. However, each type of lawprovides different responses. A person who is injured by the action ofanother may bring a civil lawsuit against the person who caused the harm. If the victim prevails, the civil law generally provides that the personwho caused the injury must pay money damages to compensate for the harmsuffered. A person who acts in a way that is considered harmful to societyin general may be prosecuted by the government in a criminal case. If theindividual is convicted of the crime, he or she will be punished undercriminal law by either a fine, imprisonment, or death. In some cases, apersons wrongful and harmful act can invoke both criminal and civil lawresponses. Various theories have been advanced to justify or explain thegoals of criminal punishment, including retribution, deterrence, restraint, rehabilitation, and restoration. Sometimes punishment advances more thanone of these goals. At other times, a punishment may promote one goal andconflict with another. The theory of retribution holds that punishment isimposed on the blameworthy party in order for society to vent its angertoward and exact vengeance upon the criminal. Supporters of this theorylook upon punishment not as a tool to deter future crime but as a devicefor ensuring that offenders pay for past misconduct. Those who support thedeterrence theory believe that if punishment is imposed upon a person whohas committed a crime, the pain inflicted will dissuade the offender andothers from repeating the crime. When the theory refers to the specificoffender who committed the crime, it is known as special deterrence. General deterrence describes the effect that punishment has when it servesas a public example or threat that deters people other than the initialoffender from committing similar crimes. Some believe that the goal ofpunishment is restraint. If a criminal is confined, executed, or otherwiseincapacitated, such punishment will deny the criminal the ability oropportunity to commit further crimes that harm society. Another possiblegoal of criminal punishment is rehabilitation of the offender. Supportersof rehabilitation seek to prevent crime by providing offenders with theeducation and treatment necessary to eliminate criminal tendencies, as wellas the skills to become productive members of society. The theory ofrestoration takes a victim-oriented approach to crime that emphasizesrestitution for victims. Rather than focus on the punishment of criminals,supporters of this theory advocate restoring the victim and creatingconstructive roles for victims in the criminal justice process. Forexam ple, relatives of a murder victim may be encouraged to testify aboutthe impact of the death when the murderer is sentenced by the court. .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .postImageUrl , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:hover , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:visited , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:active { border:0!important; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:active , .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3 .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0af426b8d4952cf290191a20d45e1bf3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Influence of Witchcraft on Feminism EssayPromoters of this theory believe that such victim involvement in theprocess helps repair the harm caused by crime and facilitates communityreconciliation. The various justifications for criminal punishment are notmutually exclusive. A particular punishment may advance several goals atthe same time. A term of imprisonment, for example, may serve toincapacitate the offender, deter others in society from committing similaracts, and, at the same time, provide an opportunity for rehabilitativetreatment for the offender. On the other hand, the goals of punishment mayat times

English Coursework Essay Paper Example For Students

English Coursework Essay Paper I seriously do not think that things could get any worse. Ive lost my job at the factory, my mother passed away last week, and there was an Eviction notice on my doorway as I entered my flat. A huge black hole has just opened before me, and its calling me towards it.  More about the factory my boss, Mr. Birling, had been a nice enough man up until now. He paid me a little amount compared to what I should have been earning, and although I had been fine with it, some of the girls confided in me that they felt that he was being unreasonable. In my excitement that people felt the same as me, we set up an organisation in which I would demand more money from him. We decided that confronting him directly was the best form of attack, so I did it the day after the agreement. I marched in there, a petition in my hands, and said boldly,  Mr. Birling, the other girls and I are quite appalled with the amount that youre paying us. We believe that if you do not raise the amount by three shillings or more, we should have the right to leave.  He stared at me for a few moments, a thoughtful expression becoming of him. I smiled genteelly, and waited how I waited! After about ten minutes or so, he replied, a glint in his eye,  You believe that eh? Well let me tell you something girly, I dont have time for you and your little friends. Either you like what Im paying you, or you get out. No wait. Youre fired.  He is the most selfish, arrogant, narrow-minded creature I have ever had the misfortune of working for. Dear Diary,  Although my outlook is still quite bleak, not everything is going badly. I have a new job at a beautiful ladies clothing shop very select. The ladies there are very polite, and the pay is a third more than what I had been paid at Birlings, so Im fitting in well.  Also, at the Palace Bar the other night, I was just drinking my vodka, when that huge Joe whatshisname, Joe Meggarty he ambled over to me and started pressing himself against me! Well, I was so disgusted I didnt do anything he was almost suffocating with his stench of body odour and cigar smoke. I was about to kick him in the family jewels, when suddenly a young, handsome stranger pulled him off of me, and gave him a right telling off. My heart was fluttering madly, I can tell you. Ive never felt so thrilled! He came over to me afterwards, and took my hand gently.  Are you all right, Madam? he asked, polite as you can be. Well, I didnt know what to say, so I just nodded. He was ever so charming, and so good looking.  He took me back to my home that night, and told me ever so kindly that if I needed anything, that I must call. He was about to leave, when I called him back we soon found ourselves in an embrace. I never meant for it to happen but it felt so very right.  Dear Diary,  Things can only get better! Gerald (the lovely young man) gave me money, food and a nice place to stay. He also gave me something else but thats more of an action.  I think Im falling so hard for him. He seeps into my dreams, emblazons into my mind at the most inappropriate times. I was working today, when I remembered a kiss we had shared earlier according to Mavis, I blushed most ungracefully. I was serving Lady Green at that moment had she noticed, I could have been reprimanded quite severely. .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .postImageUrl , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:hover , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:visited , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:active { border:0!important; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:active , .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160 .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc26a0600104ea69a70501559518de160:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Accidental Death Of an Anarchist EssayDear Diary,  Someone scrape me off of this earth and dump me in a doggy bag. Please.  Gerald told me today that he has a partner! He described her in great detail, which means he obviously loves her dearly. I think I handled it quite well, although the expletives I hurled at him on the way out were quite uncomplimentary. I dont think he heard me, however.  So he loves another woman.  To add to this to this monstrosity, I was fired AGAIN. This time from somewhere I was perfectly happy working in and this time it was not my fault. A young woman came into our boutique, and began trying on a series of dresses. I was lost in my own little world, so I had hardly noticed her there. I remembered something funny that Gerald had told me the night before, and I laughed loudly. The girls eyes flew to mine, and she looked rather affronted. I hadnt realised what she thought I had done until Betty hissed to me that I was in for it big time.  Madame Grey called me into her office and told me that the woman had made a formal complaint about me I was incredibly insulted, and began to defend myself, but this seemed to make Madame Grey even angrier. She fired me on the spot, no warnings. I cried with anger the moment I stepped out of the shop.

Basic Writing - Definition and Examples in Composition Studies

Basic Writing s in Composition Studies Basic writing is a pedagogical term for the writing of high risk students who are perceived to be unprepared for conventional college courses in freshman composition. The term basic writing was  introduced in the 1970s as an alternative to  remedial  or  developmental writing. In her ground-breaking book Errors and Expectations (1977), Mina Shaughnessy says that basic writing tends to be represented by small numbers of words with large numbers of errors. In contrast, David Bartholomae argues that a  basic writer  is not necessarily a writer who makes a lot of  mistakes (Inventing the University, 1985).  Elsewhere he observes that the distinguishing mark of the basic writer is that he works  outside the conceptual structures that  his more literate counterparts work within (Writing on the Margins, 2005). In the article Who Are Basic Writers? (1990), Andrea Lunsford and Patricia A. Sullivan conclude that the population of basic writers continues to resist our best attempts at description and definition. Observations Mina Shaughnessy had much to do with encouraging the acceptance of basic writing as a distinct area of teaching and research. She named the field and founded in 1975 the Journal of Basic Writing, which continues as one of the most important vehicles for the dissemination of research articles. In 1977, she published one of the most important scholarly books on the subject, Errors and Expectations, a book that remains the most important single study of basic writers and their prose... [O]ne of the values of her book is that she showed teachers how they could, by viewing errors as linguistic misconceptions, determine the causes of writing problems that on the surface might appear confusing and unconnected.(Michael G. Moran and Martin J. Jacobi, Introduction. Research in Basic Writing: A Bibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, 1990) Speaking (and Writing) the Language of the University Every time a student sits down to write for us, he has to invent the university for the occasioninvent the university, that is, or a branch of it, like History or Anthropology or Economics or English. He has to learn to speak our language, to speak as we do, to try on the peculiar ways of knowing, selecting, evaluating, reporting, concluding, and arguing that defines the discourse of our community...One response to the problems of basic writers, then, would be to determine just what the communitys conventions are, so that those conventions can be written out, demystified, and taught in our classrooms, Teachers, as a result, could be more precise and helpful when they ask students to think, argue, describe, or define. Another response would be to examine the essays written by basic writerstheir approximations of academic discourseto determine more clearly where the problems lie. If we look at their writing, and if we look at it in the context of other student writing, we can better se e the points of discord when students try to write their way into the university.  (David Bartholmae, Inventing the University. When a Writer Can’t Write: Studies in Writer’s Block and Other Composing-Process Problems, ed. by Mike Rose. Guilford Press, 1985) [T]he real challenge for us as teachers of basic writing lies in helping our students become more proficient at abstracting and conceptualizing and hence at producing acceptable academic discourse, without losing the directness many of them now possess.  (Andrea Lunsford, quoted by Patricia Bizzell in Academic Discourse and Critical Consciousness. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992) Where Do Basic Writers Come From? [T]he research does not support the view that basic writers come from any single social class or discourse community... Their backgrounds are too complex and rich to support simple generalizations about class and psychology to be particularly useful in helping to understand these students.(Michael G. Moran and Martin J. Jacobi, Research in Basic Writing. Greenwood, 1990) The Problem With the Growth Metaphor Many early studies of basic writing in the 1970s and 80s drew on the metaphor of growth in order to talk about the difficulties faced by basic writers, encouraging teachers to view such students as inexperienced or immature users of language and defining their task as one of helping students develop their nascent skills in writing... The growth model pulled attention away from the forms of academic discourse and towards what students could or could not do with language. It also encouraged teachers to respect and work with the skills students brought to the classroom. Implicit in this view, though, was the notion that many students, and especially less successful or basic writers, were somehow stuck in an early stage of language development, their growth as language users stalled...Yet this conclusion, pretty much forced by the metaphor of growth, ran counter to what many teachers felt they knew about their studentsmany of whom were returning to school after years of work, most of who m were voluble and bright in conversation, and almost all of whom seemed at least as adept as their teachers in dealing with the ordinary vicissitudes of life... What if the trouble that they were having with writing at college was less a sign of some general failing in their thought or language than evidence of their unfamiliarity with the workings of a specific sort of (academic) discourse?(Joseph Harris, Negotiating the Contact Zone. Journal of Basic Writing, 1995. Reprinted in Landmark Essays on Basic Writing, ed. by Kay Halasek and Nels P. Highberg. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)

Teaching English Listening Skills to ESL Classes

Teaching English Listening Skills to ESL Classes Teaching listening skills is one of the most difficult tasks for any ESL teacher. This is because successful listening skills are acquired over time and with lots of practice. Its frustrating for students because there are no rules as in grammar teaching. Speaking and writing also have very specific exercises that can lead to improved skills. This is not to say that there are not ways of improving listening skills, however, they are difficult to quantify. Student Blocking One of the largest inhibitors for students is often mental block. While listening, a student suddenly decides that he or she doesnt understand what is being said. At this point, many students just tune out or get caught up in an internal dialogue trying to translate a specific word. Some students convince themselves that they are not able to understand spoken English well and create problems for themselves. Signs that Students are Blocking Students constantly look up wordsStudents pause when speakingStudents change their eye contact away from the speaker as if they are thinking about somethingStudents write words down during conversation exercises The key to helping students improve their listening skills is to convince them that not understanding is OK. This is more of an attitude adjustment than anything else, and it is easier for some students to accept than others. Another important point that I try to teach my students (with differing amounts of success) is that they need to listen to English as often as possible, but for short periods of time. Listening Exercise Suggestion Suggest a number of shows in English on the radio, podcasts online, etc.Have students choose one of the shows based on interestAsk students to listen to the show for five minutes three times a weekKeep track of student listening to encourage them to keep up the practiceCheck with students to confirm that their listening skills are improving over time Getting in Shape I like to use this analogy: Imagine you want to get in shape. You decide to begin jogging. The very first day you go out and jog seven miles. If you are lucky, you might even be able to jog the whole seven miles. However, chances are good that you will not soon go out jogging again. Fitness trainers have taught us that we must begin with little steps. Begin jogging short distances and walk some as well, over time you can build up the distance. Using this approach, youll be much more likely to continue jogging and get fit. Students need to apply the same approach to listening skills. Encourage them to get a film, or listen to an English radio station, but not to watch an entire film or listen for two hours. Students should often listen, but they should listen for short periods - five to ten minutes. This should happen four or five times a week. Even if they dont understand anything, five to ten minutes is a minor investment. However, for this strategy to work, students must not expect improved understanding too quickly. The brain is capable of amazing things if given time, students must have the patience to wait for results. If a student continues this exercise over two to three months their listening comprehension skills will greatly improve.

Realationship at work 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Realationship at work 2 - Essay Example In the role play, I am the junior colleague who is talking with my Boss, who is also the EDM’s boss. My strategy had been to be assertive since I expected that my boss would be aggressive and would not understand what I had to say. I also wanted to be assertive so as to convince my boss to meet with the EDM. However, during the role play, she was quite accommodating. She let me explain everything that I needed to say and she asked the right questions. She was also confident and this helped me to remember all through the role play that I was addressing the boss. My boss was very considerate and she helped me get my point across every now and then (Scarnatti, 1998). Although she asked a lot of questions, she was not aggressive while asking them. This is the main reason that made me change my communication strategy to being less assertive. At the start of the role play, I was quite nervous since I did not know how my boss would react. This affected my confidence and my voice was low at the beginning. However, when I realized that the boss was not as aggressive as I had thought she would be, I grew more confident. I even managed to maintain good eye contact throughout the role play. Since my strategy was to use assertiveness from the beginning, I used my hands for emphasis (Armstrong, 1999). Sometimes the hands were open, sometimes closed. I felt under pressure, especially when my boss started asking me some questions and I had to give satisfactory answers. In my strategy, I had planned to control the conversation, but my boss is the one who controlled it instead. I did not ask my boss any questions, but she listened to what I had to say very actively. She even asked me for more information to solve the problem (Knapp and Vangelisti, 1992). Towards the end, I thought that my strategy was almost not working because for a few moments my boss sided with the EDM. At the end of the role play, I decided to use my strategy which involved convincing her of the